SEBI’s Penalties on Kotak Companies Raises Key Questions on Protection of Investor Interest

A Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) order dated June 30, 2022 has indicted not only the senior-most executives of Kotak Mahindra Mutual Fund (KMF), but also Kotak Mahindra Trustee Company (KMTC) for failing in its oversight of the asset management company. 

The matter relates to KMF’s investment in the Zee Group’s promoter companies and the manner of its repayment to investors. 

The implications of the SEBI order for Kotak Mahindra Asset Management Company Limited (KMAMC), KMTC, Kotak Mahindra Bank (KMB) and the overall financial sector need to be examined by the banking and capital market regulators and capital market participants. 

The adjudicating officer of SEBI was appointed to examine the various irregularities in the management of six fixed maturity plan (FMP) series which invested in debt securities of Zee founder companies and the delayed payments to investors. The modalities of the delayed payment to investors were found to be in violation of the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.

An earlier SEBI order on KMAMC in August 2021 had exposed the incompetence of senior executives of the company such as the Debt Investment Committee, who claimed they did not know the identity of the recipient companies when they approved investing in debt securities of the Zee founder companies. The recent SEBI order has also penalised the KMAMC executives and KMTC for various violations.

The regulator’s order places a spotlight on the role and the professional incompetence of the senior executives of KMAMC, namely, Nilesh Shah, the managing director and chief executive officer (CEO) and a member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister; Lakshmi Iyer, chief investment officer (fixed income and debt products); Gaurang Shah, director; Deepak Agrawal, fund manager; Jolly Bhatt, head of compliance; and Abhishek Bisen, fund manager. Nilesh Shah, Iyer and Gaurang Shah were members of the Debt Investment Committee which approved the investment in the securities of the Zee founder companies.

Logo of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) pictured on the premises of its headquarters in Mumbai, March 1, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Shailesh Andrade

What should be alarming is that all levels in KMAMC – the fund managers, the Debt Investment Committee, the compliance officer and the board of directors – were apparently willing to violate SEBI’s mutual fund regulations to facilitate the extension of the time horizon to the Zee founder companies to repay the investors. 

Worse, KMTC, which is an independent company that oversees the KMAMC, and where all the decisions taken by the AMC board of directors have to be sent for the trustee’s information, confirmation or approval, did not object to this modified arrangement for delaying payment to investors. As soon as the transgressions in KMAMC had been unearthed, a professional trustee company should have demanded an audit of all the investment transactions at the AMC, especially when it was found that the Zee founder companies that the KMAMC had invested in were loss-making, had high debt, and had no means of refinancing the debt through internal cash flows. 

It is extremely disturbing that the investment policy of KMAMC permitted investments in such companies. It is obvious from the SEBI order that KMAMC and the Trustee on this issue were acting as a single entity and the Trustee apparently abandoned its primary responsibility of protecting the investors.

Monetary Penalties Levied by SEBI on KMAMC and KMTC

Source: SEBI

The fact that the investors ultimately received their funds from the FMP’s investments in the Zee founder companies, albeit with a delay, should not absolve the conduct of KMAMC. There is a fundamental difference between a bank and an AMC, which unfortunately neither the board of directors of KMAMC nor the trustees of KMTC comprehend – namely, banks can undertake loan restructuring of their customers without seeking consent from depositors, while an AMC requires the prior consent of its investors for making any modification to the original terms of the mutual fund scheme. That no senior executives at KMAMC, including its compliance head and the trustees, objected to the restructuring indicates the calibre of professionalism in both companies.

Investors of the select FMP schemes of KMAMC became aware of problems from April 2019, when they were informed just before the maturity of the schemes, and SEBI’s order in August 2021 highlighted the poor professional conduct of the senior executives of KMAMC in appraising and approving the loans to Zee founder companies in 2016. Since these announcements, there has been no disciplinary action (in the public domain) taken against the concerned executives by their companies. The only action has been regulatory censure and monetary penalties, as the board of directors of the AMC and the trustees endorsed their actions.

Incidentally, the observations of Uday Kotak – the chairman of KMAMC and the founder-CEO of KMB, which is the parent company of the AMC and KMTC – are relevant here. In October 2017, Uday Kotak, as chairman of the SEBI-appointed Committee on Corporate Governance said:

“By and large most leading corporations in India follow rules and regulations, and if their governance practices are put to test, they will likely stand scrutiny of the law. However, if one delves deeper, one could find that while the letter of the law may have been complied with, the spirit of regulations has not necessarily been embraced wholeheartedly.”

It is ironic that while Kotak and the committee laid down the standards of corporate governance for the Indian corporate sector, his own companies were being hauled up nearly five years later. In the above Kotak cases, SEBI did not even have to delve deeper to detect whether the spirit of the regulation was transgressed – since the law itself had been violated.

Uday Kotak, MD and CEO, Kotak Mahindra Bank. Photo: PTI

Sweeping consequences

The fact that SEBI has imposed monetary penalties on a trustee company and on an AMC which are 100% subsidiaries of a prominent bank has implications for financial stability.

SEBI fined KMTC Rs 40 lakh ($50,653) for not protecting the interests of the investors in those schemes which held the investments of Zee promoter companies. Although the monetary penalty imposed by SEBI is a slight rap on the knuckles for KMTC, it raises the critical issue of whether trustee companies which are mandated to set-up AMCs hold adequate capital for the risks they manage. 

Unlike AMCs, which require a minimum equity capital of Rs 50 crore, SEBI has not stipulated a minimum equity capital requirement for trustee companies which set up AMCs. Trustee companies which set up AMCs have minimal capital. For example, KMTC was established in July 1994 with a paid-up equity of Rs 5 lakh, and as on March 31, 2021 the company’s net worth was Rs 2.7 billion. As trustee companies which set up AMC have minimal expenses, since they have negligible staff and marginal operating expenses, their founders prefer minimal equity capitalisation.

However, if, on account of mismanagement, as is seen in KMTC, the regulator penalises such companies in excess of their equity, the shareholders of the trust have to recapitalise the company. Therefore, although in this case KMTC can comfortably pay the monetary penalty, SEBI must insist on a minimum equity capital for trustees which are setting up AMCs, as the mutual fund industry is managing a vast pool of investor savings.

Both KMPT and KMAMC are 100% subsidiaries of KMB. In August 2021, SEBI had imposed a monetary penalty on KMAMC of Rs 50 lakh and other penalties, which were partly reversed by the Securities Appellate Tribunal on October 2021, for the investments in the Zee founder companies. In this case too, the monetary fine was a pittance, and the company could easily pay it – in FY2021 KMAMC had a net worth of Rs 10.9 billion. If the regulatory penalty had been more than the equity capital of the AMC, the parent company, which is KMB, would have had to recapitalise the AMC. 

Moreover, when a regulator penalises a subsidiary of a bank for mismanagement of investors’ savings, it heightens concerns of reputational risk for the parent bank. At present, in banks, there are no separate capital adequacy norms for providing for such risks in the subsidiaries. On January 4, 2022 the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had issued guidelines for domestic systemically important banks (D-SIB), which included only State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank, to hold additional Common Equity Capital Tier I (CET1), ranging from 0.2%-1%, of risk weighted assets as a buffer. As non D-SIBs like KMB have subsidiaries managing various risks in the financial system, the banking regulator must ensure in its capital adequacy guidelines for banks that additional equity capital is separately determined for subsidiaries for ensuring that such risks are provided for in the interests of financial stability.

The Kotak Mahindra group of companies is a prominent player in India’s financial sector, and KMB is the apex umbrella entity which owns all the subsidiary companies. Any transgressions and violations of the law in its group companies impact the bank’s reputational risk, and may impose an additional charge on the bank’s equity capital. It is time the RBI examines these issues and undertakes measures for banks to provide for additional equity capital to manage such risks in its subsidiaries.