But female participation in India’s workforce has declined from 34% in 1999 to 27% in 2014, making it the worst rate among BRICS nations.
An artisan paints the idols of Hindu gods and goddesses at a workshop in Mumbai. The five states with the largest proportion of literate women –Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra–account for 53% of all business establishments owned by women nationwide. Credit: Sima Dubey/Reuters
The five states with the largest proportion of literate women – Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra – account for 53% (4.3 million) of all business establishments owned by women nationwide, although no more than 33% of India’s women live in these states, according to an IndiaSpend analysis of data released by the Economic Census 2012.
With 73.4% of its women literate, Tamil Nadu – third among the larger states after Kerala and Maharashtra – has India’s largest number of establishments run by women, one million, according to the 2012 census.
Tamil Nadu is followed by Kerala – which has 90% female literacy, India’s highest rate – which accounts for 11% of the businesses run by women.
Source: Economic Census 2012, Men and Women 2011
While the female literacy rate was 65.5% nationwide, the female work-force participation was 25.5%, according to the 2011 census.
Female participation in India’s workforce has declined from 34% in 1999 to 27% in 2014, IndiaSpend reported in August 2016, the worst rate among BRICS nations and lower than Bangladesh (57.4%), Nepal (79.9%) and Sri Lanka (35.1%).
Source: Economic Census 2012, National Family Health Survey 4/IndiaSpend
The five states with the largest number of women entrepreneurs also have higher-than-national average literacy among women.
Lack of financial education can also limit women from gaining access to and benefitting from financial services, according to this 2014 World Bank report.
The top five states have the largest number of women who have completed ten years or more of education. Maharashtra, which has the fifth-largest number of businesswomen, also has 77.4% women who have completed ten years or more of education.
Bihar, for example, has 153,610 establishments run by women (accounting for 1.9% of businesswomen and ranked 14th among states) and only 56% women have completed ten years of education.
Women own/run 8.05 million of India’s 58.5 million establishments (13.7%), IndiaSpend reported in May 2016, providing employment to 13.4 million people. About 89% of these were employed in establishments hiring less than 10 workers.
India was ranked 70th of 77 countries in the Female Entrepreneurship Index 2015 released by the London-based Global Entrepreneurship Institute.
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Building a small business, step by step: a woman’s story
Archana Angre (43), who runs a tiffin service and a small restaurant in Chembur, an eastern suburb of Mumbai, studied till class nine.
Angre started the business in 1997 when she worked as a cook, despite opposition from her in-laws who warned her that business was risky.
The initial investment of Rs 2,000 was done by Angre and her husband Ashok Arjun Angre. She employed three family members (daughter, son and husband) in the beginning.
Within a year of starting business, Angre received help from patrons who helped her with capital and equipment (gas cylinders and stove). Within two years, her business increased from 10 tiffins to 100 tiffins.
Some of Angre’s clients helped her get a loan of Rs 50,000 from UCO Bank. The business expanded from making tiffins for office-goers to preparing meals for parties and company events.
She received a loan of Rs 2,95,000 under the Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana (Prime Minister’s Employment Programme) in 2010, which she used to buy utensils and other items required for the business.
Nineteen years later, Angre employs six people (three from her family and three hired workers).
Angre is now planning to open a fully functional restaurant. She has also been able to fund her daughter’s studies in hotel management.
“There is a need for change in attitude from being safe with a job to the ability to take risks to start a business,” Angre said.
This article originally appeared on IndiaSpend.
