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Kochi: The country’s forest and tree cover is spread across 8.09 lakh sq. km – an increase of 2,261 sq. km since 2019 – according to the latest edition of India’s ‘State of Forest Report’, for the year 2021. Union environment minister Bhupendra Yadav released the report, prepared every two years by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), in New Delhi on January 13.
On the flip side, the report has recorded a decline in forest cover in the country’s hill and tribal districts as well as across the northeastern states.
“India has very unique forests,” Yadav said during the release function. “People and nature are not separate here, but part of each other. Our native wisdom links us to nature. He added that the report can tell us “how we can not only conserve our forests but also make them prosper.”
Increase in forest and tree cover
According to the FSI, which comes under the Union environment ministry, the total forest and tree cover of India is currently 8,09,537 sq. km – spanning 24.62% of India’s total geographical area.
This includes both forest cover – i.e. all land with a tree canopy density, or fraction of area covered by the crowns of trees, of more than 10% and area of more than one hectare – and tree cover, that is trees outside forests occupying in less than one hectare, across the country. That is, according to the 2021 report, India’s forest cover currently occupies 7,13,789 sq. km and tree cover occupies 95,748 sq. km.
The FSI maps these data using remote-sensing. It also ‘ground truths’ some of these locations: that is, it verifies the remote-sensing data with visits to the location. For the 2021 report – which is the 17th edition since the Indian government floated the exercise in 1987 – the FSI ground-truthed 3,414 locations across the country.
Also according to the report, 17 states and Union territories have more than 33% of their geographical area under forest cover. The leader is Madhya Pradesh, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra.
The five states that recorded the highest increase in forest cover are Andhra Pradesh (of 647 sq. km), Telangana (632 sq. km), Odisha (537 sq. km), Karnataka (155 sq. km) and Jharkhand (110 sq. km).
FSI’s forest-cover mapping exercise also categorises forests as ‘very dense’ (where the canopy density is greater than 70%), ‘moderately dense’ (40-70%) and ‘open’ (10-40%). At present, ‘very dense’ forests occupy 99,779 sq. km of land – around 3% of India’s land area; ‘moderately dense’ forests occupy 3,06,890 sq. km and ‘open’ forests occupy 3,07,120 sq. km.
The report has also found that India’s mangrove cover has increased marginally, by some 17 sq. km.
‘Carbon stock’
The report has estimated that the total carbon stock in India’s forests is 7,204 million tonnes – an increase of 79.4 million tonnes from the last assessment, in 2019.
Growing stock assessments are based on a grid-based forest inventory design that FSI adopted in 2016. These assessments indicate that the total growing stock of wood in India is around 6,100 million cubic metres – almost three-fourths of which lie inside forest areas.
The government uses this stock data to measure the country’s progress towards increasing the carbon stock in line with commitments India has made as part of several international treaties. These include the nationally determined contributions that are part of the Paris Agreement of 2015.
This said, the report also found that forest cover in India’s hill districts has dropped by 902 sq. km in the last two years. This is in stark contrast to the 2019 report – which recorded an increase of 544 sq. km in forest cover in such districts (where around 40% of the geographical area is covered by forest).
The total forest cover in tribal districts has also dropped – like it had at the time of the 2019 report as well. The 2021 report has recorded a decrease of 655 sq. km of forest cover inside recorded forest areas, which are areas classified as ‘forest’ in government records, in tribal districts – and an increase of 600 sq. km outside. In 2019 as well, the report had recorded a corresponding drop in forest cover inside these districts by 742. sq km and an increase of 1,922 sq. km outside.
Finally, the total forest cover in India’s biodiversity-rich northeastern states has also reportedly dropped. According to the current assessment, forest cover in this region has declined by 1,020 sq. km – around 0.6% of the northeast’s land area. This brings the total forest cover in the region to 1,69,521 sq. km, which is 64%.
In fact, states that reported the biggest drops in forest cover are all in India’s northeast. Arunachal Pradesh lost the most (257 sq. km), followed by Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya.
New data
In a first, the FSI has also mapped forest cover in India’s tiger reserves. It has found that the total forest cover in 32 tiger reserves currently stands at 55,666 sq. km – around 7.8% of India’s total forest cover. The Pakke, Achanakmar, Simlipal, Kali and Dampa tiger reserves had more than 90% forest cover. Forest cover in tiger corridors amounted to 11,575 sq. km.
The FSI also reportedly collaborated with the ISRO Space Application Centre in Ahmedabad to estimate above-ground biomass at the pan-India level. However, the detailed report on this is yet to be published.
The 2021 report also mapped ‘climate hotspots’ – areas that will experience extreme changes in weather – in forest areas. And according to the report’s hotspot projections for 2030, 2050 and 2085, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand will experience the highest increases in ambient temperature.
The northeastern states as well as parts of India’s western coast are expected to receive the country’s highest increase in rainfall.
